The last point is of particular concern. In 2019, deepfake detection software firm Deeptrace found 96% of 14,000 deepfakes were pornographic in nature. Free apps such as the now-defunct DeepNude 2.0 have been used to make clothed women appear nude in footage, often for revenge porn and blackmail.<\/p>\n
In Australia, deepfake apps have even allowed perpetrators to circumvent “revenge porn” laws\u2014an issue expected to soon become more severe.<\/p>\n
Beyond this, deepfakes are also used in identity fraud and scams, particularly in the form of video messages from a trusted “colleague” or “relative” requesting a money transfer. One study found identity fraud using digital manipulation cost US financial institutions US$20 billion in 2020].<\/p>\n
A growing concern<\/h2>\n
The creators of deepfakes stress the amount of time and effort it takes to make these video look realistic. Take Chris Ume, the visual effects and AI artist behind the @deeptomcruise TikTok account. When this account made headlines last year, Ume told The Verge “you can’t do it by just pressing a button.”<\/p>\n
But there’s good evidence deepfakes are becoming easier to make. Researchers at the United Nation Global Pulse initiative have demonstrated how speeches can be realistically faked in just 13 minutes.<\/p>\n
As more deepfake apps are developed, we can expect lesser-skilled people to increasingly produce authentic-looking deepfakes. Just think about how much photo editing has boomed in the past decade.<\/p>\n
Legislation, regulation and detection software are struggling to keep up with advances in deepfake technology.<\/p>\n
In 2019, Facebook came in for criticism for failing to remove a doctored video of American politician Nancy Pelosi, after it fell short of its definition of a deepfake.<\/p>\n
In 2020, Twitter banned the sharing of synthetic media that may deceive, confuse or harm people (except where a label is applied). TikTok did the same. And YouTube banned deepfakes related to the 2020 U.S. federal election.<\/p>\n
But even if these are well-meaning policies, it’s unlikely platform moderators will be able to react to reports and remove deepfakes fast enough.<\/p>\n
In Australia, lawyers at the NSW firm Ashurst have said existing copyright and defamation laws could fall short of protecting Australians against deepfakes.<\/p>\n
And while attempts to develop laws have begun overseas, these are focused on political communication. For example, California has made it illegal to post or distribute digitally manipulated content of a candidate during an election\u2014but has no protections for non-politicians or celebrities.<\/p>\n
How to detect a deepfake<\/h2>\n
One of the best remedies against harmful deepfakes is for users to equip themselves with as many detection skills as they can.<\/p>\n
Usually, the first sign of a deepfake is that something will feel “off.” If so, look more closely at the subject’s face and ask yourself:<\/p>\n
- \n
- is the face too smooth, or are there unusual cheekbone shadows?<\/li>\n
- do the eyelid and mouth movements seem disjointed, forced or otherwise unnatural? <\/li>\n
- does the hair look fake? Current deepfake technology struggles to maintain the original look of hair (especially facial hair).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Context is also important:<\/p>\n
- \n
- ask yourself what the figure is saying or doing. Are they disavowing vaccines, or performing in a porn clip? Anything that seems out of character or contrary to public knowledge will be relevant here<\/li>\n
- search online for keywords about the video, or the person in it, as many suspicious deepfakes will have already been debunked<\/li>\n
- try to judge the reliability of the source\u2014does it seem genuine? If you’re on a social media platform, is the poster’s account verified? <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
A lot of the above is basic digital literacy and requires exercising good judgment. Where common sense fails, there are some more in-depth ways to try to spot deepfakes. You can:<\/p>\n
- \n
- search for keywords used in the video to see if there’s a public transcript of what’s being said\u2014outlets often cover quotes by high-profile politicians and celebrities within 72 hours<\/li>\n
- take a screenshot of the video playing and do a Google reverse image search. This can reveal whether an original version of the video exists, which you may then compare to the dubious one<\/li>\n
- run any suspicious videos featuring a “colleague” or “relative” by that individual directly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Finally, if you do manage to spot a deepfake, don’t keep it to yourself. Always hit the report button.<\/p>\n
Provided by
\n The Conversation<\/p>\n\n This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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\n <\/p>\nCitation<\/strong>:
\n Celebrity deepfakes are all over TikTok. Here’s why they’re becoming common, and how you can spot them (2022, July 19)
\n retrieved 22 February 2023
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